| Area of energy wood logging: (1000 ha/y) | |
| Area of energy wood logging. Energy wood is harvested 1) by collecting logging residues (branches and tops or branches, tops and stumps) from final cuttings and 2) as whole trees or trunks from intermediate cuttings either integrated with industrial roundwood logging or as separate energy wood logging. | |
| Area of industrial roundwood logging: (1000 ha/y) | |
| Area of industrial roundwood (saw logs and pulpwood) logging. | |
| Biomass of total drain: (1000 t/y) | |
| The sum of dry masses of 1) trees felled annually for commercial and non-commercial purposes and 2) trees dead annually due to the natural mortality during the 10-year period. Natural mortality consists of a random factor (storms, insects etc.) and a self-thinning factor due to the overdensity (Hynynen et al. 2002). The dry masses include stems, branches, foliage, stumps and roots (thicker than 1 cm) that are either hauled for usage as sawn goods, pulp and energy or left on the ground to decompose. The dry masses are calculated separately for biomass components using Repola's (2008, 2009) tree-level models in which the independent variables are tree diameter at breast height (all models) and tree height (only models for stem wood, stem bark, branches and foliage). The spruce models are used for spruces, the pine models for other coniferous trees and the birch models for deciduous trees. | |
| Branch and foliage biomass of cutting drain: (1000 t/y) | |
| The sum of dry masses of branches and foliage of trees felled annually in commercial cuttings during the 10-year period. The dry masses include also branches and foliage that are left in cuttings on the ground to decompose. The dry masses are calculated using Repola's (2008, 2009) tree-level models in which the independent variables are tree diameter at breast height and tree height. The spruce models are used for spruces, the pine models for other coniferous trees and the birch models for deciduous trees. | |
| Branch and foliage biomass of energy wood removal: (1000 t/y) | |
| The sum of dry masses of branches and foliage harvested annually for energy wood usage during the 10-year period. The dry masses are calculated using Repola's (2008, 2009) tree-level models in which the independent variables are tree diameter at breast height and tree height. The spruce models are used for spruces, the pine models for other coniferous trees and the birch models for deciduous trees. | |
| Branch and foliage biomass of living trees: (1000 t) | |
| The sum of dry masses of branches (living and dead) and foliage (leaves and needles) of living trees. The dry masses are calculated using Repola's (2008, 2009) tree-level models in which the independent variables are tree diameter at breast height and tree height.The spruce models are used for spruces, the pine models for other coniferous trees and the birch models for deciduous trees. | |
| Branch and foliage biomass of total drain : (1000 t/y) | |
| The sum of dry masses of branches and foliage of 1) trees felled annually for commercial or non-commercial purposes and 2) trees dead annually due to the natural mortality during the 10-year period. The dry masses include the branches and foliage, which are either hauled for energy usage or left on the ground to decompose. Natural mortality consists of a random factor (storms, insects etc.) and a self-thinning factor due to the overdensity (Hynynen et al. 2002). The dry masses are calculated using Repola's (2008, 2009) tree-level models in which the independent variables are tree diameter at breast height and tree height. The spruce models are used for spruces, the pine models for other coniferous trees and the birch models for deciduous trees. | |
| Branch and foliage volume of energy wood removal: (1000 m3/y) | |
| The volume of branches and foliage harvested annually for energy wood usage during the 10-year period. Volumes as solid cubic meters are calculated by transforming dry masses to volumes (Kärkkäinen 1976, Gislarud 1974, Hakkila 2006). | |
| Forest and poorly productive forest land available for wood production: | |
| Forest land with no administrational limitations for wood production and forest land and poorly productive forest land with limited (not totally forbidden) wood production. | |
| Forest area: (1000 ha) | |
| Area (hectares) of forest land and poorly productive forest land calculated according to the land areas that NFI sample plots represent. | |
| Forest land: | |
| Forestry land on which the potential average annual growth of stem wood including bark is at least 1.0 m3 per hectare (Korhonen et al. 2024). | |
| Greenhouse gas net emissions: (million t CO2–eq./y) | |
| Annual greenhouse gas emissions from forest land and poorly productive forest land (growing stock and soil) during the 10-year period. The greenhouse gas emissions consist of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) made CO2 equivalent with global warning potential (GWP AR5) coefficients. Positive values represent net emissions and negative values represent net removals. | |
| Gross stumpage earnings: (million €/y) | |
| Annual gross stumpage earnings as million euros during the 10-year period are calculated as a product of cutting removals (by timber assortments) and corresponding stumpage prices (by assortments and harvesting types). Used stumpage prices are realized averages of 2014–2023 deflated to 2023. | |
| Increment: (1000 m3/y) | |
| Volume increment (incl. bark) is calculated by trees as stem volume differences between two states and summing up the treewise differences. | |
| Industrial roundwood removal: (1000 m3/y) | |
| The volume of stems harvested annually for saw logs and pulpwood during the 10-year period. The annual removal (as solid cubic meters over bark) consists of stem parts which fulfill the minimum dimensional and quality requirements either for pulpwood or for saw logs. The variable was previously named the stem volume of roundwood removal | |
| Labour force: (1000 person-year/y) | |
| Forestry labour force includes workers needed annually for harvesting and for silviculture work (including planning and supervision without clerical employees) according to the productivity models. Note 1 person-year = 220 working days. | |
| Poorly productive forest land (scrub land): | |
| Forestry land on which the potential average annual growth of stemwood including bark is 0.10-0.99 m3 per hectare (Korhonen et al. 2024). | |
| Pulpwood: | |
| Part of a stem which is suitable according to the Finnish timber assortment standards by size and quality for the manufacturing of pulp or other wood fiber products. | |
| Pulpwood cutting reserve: (1000 m3/y) | |
| Roundwood cutting reserve that fulfills the standards for pulpwood but not for saw logs (cf. roundwood cutting reserve). Note: also the removal of roundwood sized energywood has been taken into account. | |
| Pulpwood removal: (1000 m3/y) | |
| The total volume of stem parts harvested annually for pulpwood during the 10-year period. The annual removal (as solid cubic meters over bark) consists of stem parts which fulfill the minimum dimensional and quality requirements for pulpwood but not for saw logs. | |
| Roundwood cutting reserve: (1000 m3/y) | |
| Roundwood mature for commercial cuttings according to the silvicultural recommendations for commercial cuttings during the period in question but which for economic or sustainability reasons are postponed to the future periods. Roundwood cutting reserve consists of saw log reserve and pulpwood reserve. Note: also the removal of roundwood sized energy wood (cf. roundwood sized energy wood removal) has been taken into account. | |
| Roundwood sized energy wood removal: (1000 m3/y) | |
| The part of energy wood stem removal that fulfills at least the minimum standards of pulpwood. Note that energy wood thinnings are implemented using guidelines that do not necessarily fulfill all the Finnish standards for thinnings where only the industrial roundwood (saw logs and pulpwood) harvested. | |
| Saw log: | |
| Part of a stem which is suitable according to the Finnish timber assortment standards by size and quality for the production of sawn goods. | |
| Saw log cutting reserve: (1000 m3/y) | |
| Roundwood cutting reserve that fulfills the standards for saw logs (cf. roundwood cutting reserve). | |
| Saw log removal: (1000 m3/y) | |
| The total volume of stems harvested annually for saw logs during the 10-year period. The annual removal as solid cubic meters over bark consists of stem parts which fulfill the minimum dimensional and quality requirements for saw logs. | |
| Stem biomass of cutting drain: (1000 t/y) | |
| The dry mass of stem wood (incl. bark) of trees felled annually in commercial cuttings for saw logs, pulpwood and energy wood during the 10-year period. The dry masses also include stem wood of felled trees that are left in cuttings on the ground to decompose. The dry masses are calculated using Repola's (2008, 2009) tree-level models in which the independent variables are tree diameter at breast height and tree height. The spruce models are used for spruces, the pine models for other coniferous trees and the birch models for deciduous trees. | |
| Stem biomass of energy wood removal: (1000 t/y) | |
| The dry mass of stems (incl. bark) harvested annually for energy wood usage during the 10-year period. The dry masses are calculated using Repola's (2008, 2009) tree-level models in which the independent variables are tree diameter at breast height and tree height. The spruce models are used for spruces, the pine models for other coniferous trees and the birch models for deciduous trees. | |
| Stem biomass of living trees: (1000 t) | |
| The sum of dry masses of stems (incl. bark) of living trees from the stump height (1 % of the tree height) to the top of a tree. The dry masses are calculated using Repolas's (2008, 2009) tree-level models in which the independent variables are tree diameter at breast height and tree height. The spruce models are used for spruces, the pine models for other coniferous trees and the birch models for deciduous trees. | |
| Stem biomass of roundwood removal: (1000 t/y) | |
| The dry mass of stems (incl. bark) harvested annually for saw logs and pulpwood during the 10-year period. The dry masses are calculated using Repola's (2008, 2009) tree-level models in which the independent variables are tree diameter at breast height and tree height. The spruce models are used for spruces, the pine models for other coniferous trees and the birch models for deciduous trees. | |
| Stem biomass of total drain: (1000 t/y) | |
| The sum of dry masses of stems of 1) trees felled annually in commercial and non-commercial cuttings and 2) trees dead annually due to the natural mortality during the 10-year period. Natural mortality consists of a random factor (storms, insects etc.) and a self-thinning factor due to the overdensity (Hynynen et al. 2002). The dry masses include stems that are either hauled for usage as sawn goods, pulp and energy or left on the ground to decompose. The dry masses are calculated using Repola's (2008, 2009) tree-level models in which the independent variables are tree diameter at breast height and tree height. The spruce models are used for spruces, the pine models for other coniferous trees and the birch models for deciduous trees. | |
| Stem volume: (1000 m3) | |
| The stem volume of the growing stock as solid cubic meters over bark. The volume of an individual tree is obtained applying taper curve models and volume functions of Laasasenaho (1982) from the stump height to the top of a tree. | |
| Stem volume of energy wood removal: (1000 m3/y) | |
| The volume of stems (incl. bark) as solid cubic meters harvested annually for energy wood usage during the 10-year period. Energy wood removal consists of 1) harvested stems, 2) harvested branches and foliage and/or 3) lifted stumps and roots (thicker than 5 cm). | |
| Stem volume of total drain: (1000 m3/y) | |
| The total stem volume as solid cubic meters (incl. bark) of 1) trees felled annually in commercial and non-commercial cuttings and 2) trees dead annually due to the natural mortality during the 10-year period. Natural mortality consists of a random factor (storms, insects etc.) and a self-thinning factor due to the overdensity (Hynynen et al. 2002). The volumes include stems that are either hauled for the usage of saw log, pulp and energy or left on the ground to decompose. The stem volume of an individual tree is obtained applying taper curve models and volume functions of Laasasenaho (1982) from the stump height to the top of a tree. | |
| Stump and root biomass of cutting drain: (1000 t/y) | |
| The sum of dry masses of stumps and roots (thicker than 1 cm) of trees felled annually in commercial loggings during the 10-year period. The dry masses include stumps and roots of felled trees that are either hauled for energy usage or left on the ground to decompose. The dry masses are calculated using Repola's (2008, 2009) tree-level models in which the independent variable is tree diameter at breast heigh. The spruce models are used for spruces, the pine models for other coniferous trees and the birch models for deciduous trees. | |
| Stump and root biomass of energy wood removal: (1000 t/y) | |
| The sum of dry masses of stumps and roots (thicker than 5 cm) lifted annually for energy wood usage during the 10-year period. The dry masses are calculated at the tree-level for stumps using Repola's (2008, 2009) models and for roots thicker than 5 cm using Marklund's (1988) models. In these biomass models the tree diameter at breast height is an independent variable. The spruce models are used for spruces, the pine models for other coniferous trees and the birch models for deciduous trees. | |
| Stump and root biomass of living trees: (1000 t) | |
| The sum of dry masses of stumps and roots (thicker than 1 cm) of living trees. The dry masses are calculated using Repola's (2008, 2009) tree-level models in which the independent variable is tree diameter at breast height. The spruce models are used for spruces, the pine models for other coniferous trees and the birch models for deciduous trees. | |
| Stump and root biomass of total drain: (1000 t/y) | |
| The sum of the dry masses of stumps and roots of 1) trees felled annually for commercial and non-commercial purposes and 2) trees dead annually due to the natural mortality during the 10-year period. Natural mortality consists of a random factor (storms, insects etc.) and a self-thinning factor due to the overdensity (Hynynen et al. 2002). The dry masses include stumps and roots (thicker than 1 cm) that are either hauled for energy usage or left on the ground to decompose. The dry masses are calculated using Repola's (2008, 2009) tree-level models in which the independent variable is tree diameter at breast height. The spruce models are used for spruces, the pine models for other coniferous trees and the birch models for deciduous trees. | |
| Stump and root volume of energy wood removal: (1000 m3/y) | |
| The volume of stumps and roots (thicker than 5 cm) lifted annually for energy wood usage during the 10-year period. Volumes as solid cubic meters including bark are calculated by transforming dry masses to volumes (Hakkila 1975). | |
| Stumpage price value of growing stock: (million €) | |
| The total value of living trees bucked into saw logs and pulpwood using corresponding stumpage prices. | |
| Total area of loggings: (1000 ha/y) | |
| The total area of industrial roundwood (saw logs and pulpwood) and energy wood harvested annually during the 10-year period. | |
| Total biomass of cutting drain: (1000 t/y) | |
| The sum of dry masses of 1) stems (wood and bark), 2) branches and foliage and 3) stumps and roots (thicker than 1 cm) of trees felled annually in commercial cuttings for saw logs, pulpwood or energy wood during the 10-year period. The dry masses include also tree parts left in cuttings on the ground to decompose. The dry masses are calculated separately for biomass components using Repola's (2008, 2009) tree-level models in which the independent variables are tree diameter at breast height (all models) and tree height (only models for stem wood, stem bark, branches and foliage). The spruce models are used for spruces, the pine models for other coniferous trees and the birch models for deciduous trees. | |
| Total biomass of energy wood removal: (1000 t/y) | |
| The sum of dry masses of 1) stems (wood and bark), 2) branches and foliage and 3) stumps and roots (thicker than 5 cm) harvested annually for energy wood usage during the 10-year period. The dry masses are calculated at the tree-level for stem wood, stem bark, branches, foliage and stumps using Repola's (2008, 2009) models and for roots thicker than 5 cm using Marklund's (1988) models. In these models, the independent variables are tree diameter at breast height (all models) and tree height (only models for stem wood, stem bark, branches and foliage). The spruce models are used for spruces, the pine models for other coniferous trees and the birch models for deciduous trees. | |
| Total biomass of living trees: (1000 t) | |
| The biomass of living trees calculated as the sum of dry masses of 1) stems (incl. bark), 2) branches and foliage and 3) stumps and roots (thicker than 1 cm). The dry masses are calculated separately for biomass components using Repola's (2008, 2009) tree-level models in which the independent variables are tree diameter at breast height (all models) and tree height (only models for stem wood, stem bark, branches and foliage). The spruce models are used for spruces, the pine models for other coniferous trees and the birch models for deciduous trees. | |
| Total roundwood removal: (1000 m3/y) | |
| The total volume of stems (incl. bark) as solid cubic meters harvested annually for saw logs, pulpwood and energy wood usage during the 10-year period. | |
| Total volume of energy wood removal: (1000 m3/y) | |
| The total volume as solid cubic meter of 1) stems (incl. bark), 2) branches and foliage, 3) stumps and roots (thicker than 5 cm) harvested annually for energy wood usage during the 10-year period. The stem volumes are obtained applying taper curve models and volume functions of Laasasenaho (1982). The volumes of branches, foliage, stumps and roots are calculated by transforming dry masses to volumes (Kärkkäinen 1976, Gislarud 1974, Hakkila 2006). | |